Spiritual Needs Questionnaire
Infos about the instrument

Publications

Book

  • Büssing A (ed.) Spiritual Needs in Research and Practice. The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire as a Global Resource for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave Mcmillan (2021)

Journals

  • Büssing A, Balzat HJ, Heusser P. Spirituelle Bedürfnisse von Patienten mit chronischen Schmerz- und Tumorerkrankungen. Perioperative Medizin 2009, 1, 248.
  • Büssing A., Balzat HJ, Heusser P. Spiritual needs of patients with chronic pain diseases and cancer - validation of the spiritual needs questionnaire. Eur J Med Res 2010, 15, 266-273.
  • Büssing A, Koenig HG. Spiritual Needs of Patients with Chronic Diseases. Religions 2010; 1: 18-27.
  • Höcker A: Spiritualität/Religiosität und Lebenssinn bei Krebspatienten. Thesis at the Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hamburg Eppendorf; 2011
  • Büssing A, Lux EA, Janko A, Kopf A: Psychosoziale und spirituelle Bedürfnisse bei Patienten mit chronischen Schmerz- und Krebserkrankungen. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Onkologie 2011; 41: 39-73
  • Büssing A, Janko A, Kopf A, Lux EA, Frick E: Zusammenhänge zwischen psychosozialen und spirituellen Bedürfnissen und Bewertung von Krankheit bei Patienten mit chronischen Erkrankungen. Spiritual Care 2012; 1: 57-73
  • Büssing A, Zhai Xiao-feng, Wenbo Peng, Changquan Ling: Psychosocial and spiritual needs of patients with chronic diseases: validation of the Chinese version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire. Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013; 11(2):106-15.
  • Büssing A, Janko A, Baumann K, Hvidt NC, Kopf A: Spiritual Needs among Patients with Chronic Pain Diseases and Cancer Living in a Secular Society. Pain Medicine 2013; 14: 1362–1373
  • Erichsen NB, Büssing A: Spiritual Needs of Elderly living in Residential/Nursing Homes. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013; Article ID913247.
  • Offenbaecher M, Kohls N, Toussaint LL, Sigl C, Winkelmann A, Hieblinger R, Walther A, Büssing A: Spiritual needs in patients suffering from fibromyalgia. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013; Article ID 178547, 13 pages
  • Höcker A, Krüll A, Koch U, Mehnert A:.Exploring spiritual needs and their associated factors in an urban sample of early and advanced cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2014; 23(6):786-794. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12200.
  • Büssing A, Pilchowska I, Surzykiewicz J: Spiritual Needs of Polish patients with chronic diseases. Journal of Religion and Health 2015; 54(5): 1524-1542
  • Man-Ging CI, Öven Uslucan J, Fegg M, Frick E, Büssing A: Reporting Spiritual Needs of Older Adults Living in Bavarian Residential and Nursing Homes. Journal of Mental Health, Religion and Spirituality 2015; 18: 809-821
  • Nuraeni A, Nurhidayah I, Hidayati N, Windani C, Sari M, Mirwanti R: Kebutuhan Spiritual pada Pasien Kanker [Spiritual Needs of Patients with Cancer]. Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran 2015: 3: 57-66 (http://jkp.fkep.unpad.ac.id/index.php/jkp/article/view/101)
  • Büssing A, Recchia DR: Spiritual and Non-spiritual Needs Among German Soldiers and their Relation to Stress Perception, PTDS Symptoms, and Life Satisfaction – Results from a Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Journal of Religion and Health, 2016; 55(3): 747-764; Online June 2015 (DOI 10.1007/s10943-015-0073-y)
  • Nejat N, Whitehead L, Crowe M: Exploratory Psychometric Properties of the Farsi and English Versions of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ). Religions 2016; 7, 84; doi:10.3390/rel7070084
  • Haußmann A, Schäffeler N, Hautzinger M, Weyel B, Eigentler T, Zipfel S, Teufel M: Religiöse/spirituelle Bedürfnisse und psychosoziale Belastung von Patienten mit malignem Melanom. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2017; 67(09/10): 413-419
  • Büssing A, Wassermann U, Hvidt NC, Längler A, Thiel M: Spiritual needs of mothers with sick new born or premature infants. Woman and Birth 2017 (online 24 August 2017) doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.08.002
  • Glavas A, Jors K, Büssing A, Baumann A: Spiritual needs of PTSD patients in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina: A quantitative pilot study. Psychiatria Danubina, 2017; 29(3): 282-290
  • Munirruzzaman M, Yuni Sapto Edi R, Prasetyo A. Gambaran Tingkat Kebutuhan Spiritual Pada Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Yang Menjalani Hemodialisis Di Ruang Hemodialisa Rsud Cilacap [Description of Spiritual Needs Level In Chronic Kidney Failure Patients who Underwent Hemodialysis in the Hemodialisa Room of RSUD Cilacap]. Proceeding Management Communication in Health Team Collaboration of Giving High Alert for Patient Safety. STIKES Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah Cilacap 2017; pp. 1-8 (ISBN 978-602-60725-1-1)
  • Büssing A, Recchia DR, Koenig H, Baumann K, Frick E: Factor Structure of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) in Persons with Chronic Diseases, Elderly and Healthy Individuals. Religions 2018; 9,13 doi:10.3390/rel9010013
  • Moeini B, Zamanian H, Taheri-Kharameh Z, Ramezani T, Saati-Asr M, Hajrahimian M, Amini-Tehrani M: Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Among Elders With Chronic Diseases. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018; 55(1): 94-100.
  • Hatamipour K, Rassouli M, Yaghmaie F, Zendedel K, Alavi Majd H. Development and Psychometrics of a ‘Spiritual Needs Assessment Scale of Patients with Cancer’: A mixed exploratory study. International Journal of Cancer Management 2018; 11(1):e10083 DOI:10.5812/ijcm.10083
  • Reiser F: Menschen mehr gerecht werden. Zur Religiosität bzw. Spiritualität von Patientinnen und Patienten in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Würzburg: Echter-Verlag, 2018. ISBN 978-3-429-05306-2
  • Valente TCO, Cavalcanti APR, Büssing A, Costa Junior CP, Motta RN: Transcultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of Portuguese Version of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire (SpNQ) Among HIV Positive Patients in Brazil. Religions 2018, 9(4), 135; doi:10.3390/rel9040135
  • Kashif A, Kanwal Z: Translation, Cultural Adaptation of Spiritual Needs Questionnaire in Pakistan. Religions 2018; 9: 163; doi:10.3390/rel9050163
  • Büssing A, Recchia DR, Toussaint LL: German soldiers’ needs to clarify open aspects in their life, to talks about fears and worries, and to forgive and to be forgiven as a matter of life reflection. Frontiers of Psychiatry 2018; 9:582. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00582
  • Himawan F, Anggorowati, Chasani S: Asesmen Kebutuhan Spiritual Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Yang Menjalani Hemodialisa Dengan Instrumen APSN dan SPNQ [Spiritual Needs Assessment in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis Using Instruments APSN and SpNQ]. Journal of Holistic Nursing Science 2019; 6 (1): 1-12
  • Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yao X, Jiang L, Hou M, Zhao Q. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019;6(2):141-147.
  • Riklikienė O, Spirgienė L, Snieguolė Kaselienė S, Luneckaitė Z, Tomkevičiūtė J, Büssing A: Translation, cultural adaptation and clinical validation of the Lithuanian version of the Spiritual Needs questionnaire amon hospitalized cancer patients. Medicina 2019, 55, 738; doi:10.3390/medicina55110738
  • Riklikienė O, Tomkevičiūtė J, Spirgienė L, Valiulienė L, Büssing A: Spiritual needs and their association with indicators of quality of life among non-terminally ill cancer patients from Lithuania. European Journal of Oncology Nursing 2019; 44:101681. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.101681
  • Riklikiene O, Poskaite G, Vainoras A: Spiritual needs, prayer and cardiac function changes in healthy young women – the interconnection of spirituality with human physiology. Journal of Complexity in Health Sciences, 2019; 2: 77-86. https://doi.org/10.21595/chs.2019.21235
  • Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yao X, Jiang L, Hou M, Zhao Q: Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019;6(2):141-147. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.03.010.
  • Frick E, Büssing A, Rodrigues Recchia D, Härtl K, Beivers A, Wapler C, Dodt C: Spirituelle Bedürfnisse von Patienten eines Notfallzentrums  [Spiritual needs of patients in an emergency room]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s00063-020-00653-8. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Büssing A, Baumann K, Rentschler, Becker G; Stability of Cancer Patients/ Unmet Spiritual Needs and Spiritual Wellbeing in Palliative Care Units. Oncol Res Treat 2020; 43(suppl 1); 123;  e-ISBN 978-3-318-06686-9
  • Büssing A, Baumann K, Rentschler J, Becker G: Spirituelle Bedürfnisse von Tumorpatienten verändern sich während der palliativmedizinischen Betreuung kaum. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Onkologie 2020; 52(03): 111-116; https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1135-3566
  • Büssing A, Büntzel J, Frick E: Spiritual Care in Oncology: Cancer Patients’ Unmet Spiritual – Data from a Pilot Project. Oncol Res Treat 2020; 43(suppl 1); 148;  e-ISBN 978-3-318-06686-9
  • Frick E, Büssing A, Recchia DR, Härtl K, Beivers A, Wapler C, Dodt D: Spirituelle Bedürfnisse von Patienten eines Notfallzentrums. Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 2021; 116: 245–253; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-020-00653-8
  • Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave McMillan (2021)
  • Büssing A: Application and implementation of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire in Spiritual Care processes. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A: Structure of the Spiritual Needs Questionnaire in patients with chronic diseases, elderly and healthy persons. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A: Adapted Spiritual Needs Questionnaire for adolescents with chronic diseases. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Riklikiene O, de Abreu WC, Valente TCO, Rassouli M, Surzykiewicz J, Büssing A: Structures of Spiritual Needs Questionnaire versions in countries with different cultural and religious background. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Fradelos EC, Albani E, Papathanasiou IV, Prapa PM, Tsomaka E, Bakalis V, Artemi S, Lavdaniti M. Spiritual Needs of Lung Cancer Patients and Their Relation to Psychological Distress and Quality of Life. Cureus. 2021 Dec 7;13(12):e20225. doi: 10.7759/cureus.20225.
  • Büssing A, Peng-Keller S: Spiritual needs of patients with chronic pain diseases. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A, Hartmann PM, Beerenbrock Y, Rodrigues Recchia D: Development of Spiritual Needs during chemotherapy of breast cancer patients. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Große-Onnebrink J, Büssing A: Psychosocial, existential and spiritual needs of persons with cystic fibrosis. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • de Abreu WC, Abreu M, Büssing A: Spiritual needs in people with mild to moderate dementia. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A, Baumann K, Rentschler J, Becker G: Spiritual needs of tumor patients during their stay at a Palliative Care Unit. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Wapler C, Dodt C, Büssing A, Beivers A, Härtl K, Frick E: Spiritual needs of patients in the emergency room. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021).
  • Büssing A, Surzykiewicz J: Spiritual needs of persons with Down syndrome. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A, Hussong J, Große-Onnebrink J, von Gontardt A: Spiritual needs of adolescents with chronic diseases. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A: Riklikiene O: Spiritual needs of parents with health affected children. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A, Spalek R, Pikula NG, Surzykiewicz J: Spiritual needs of Elderly. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A, Wapler C, Dodt C, Beivers A, Härtl K, Frick E: Spiritual needs of patients´ relatives. In: Büssing A (ed.): The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire - Implications for Health and Social Care. Pelgrave (2021)
  • Büssing A: The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire in research and clinical application: A summary of findings. Journal of Religion & Health 2021; 60 (online first) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01421-4
  • Büssing A: Verwendung eines orientierenden Spiritual Needs Screeners bei onkologischen Patienten. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Onkologie 2021 53: 112–115
  • Sturm N, Stolz R, Schalhorn F, Valentini J, Krisam J, Frick E, Mächler R, Szecsenyi J, Straßner C. Self-Efficacy, Social Activity, and Spirituality in the Care of Elderly Patients with Polypharmacy in Germany-A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study within the HoPES3 Trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Oct 1;9(10):1312. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9101312.
  • Büssing A, Scheer K, Tewes M, Niesert W, Büntzel J, Rentschler: Erfassung existenzieller und spiritueller Bedürfnisse in der palliativen Betreuung – Erste Erkenntnisse zur Implementierung des Spiritual Needs Screeners. Spiritual Care 2022; 11(3): 278–281.  https://doi.org/10.1515/spircare-2022-0045
  • Glavas A, Büssing A, Baumann K: Psychiatrische Patient*innen in Vukovar und ihre Bedürfnisse nach Vergebung. Spiritual Care 2022, 11(4): 321-331; https://doi.org/10.1515/spircare-2022-0057
  • Stripp TA, Wehberg S, Büssing A, Koenig HG, Balboni TA, VanderWeele TJ, Søndergaard J, Hvidt NC: Spiritual needs in Denmark: a population-based cross-sectional survey linked to Danish national registers. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe 2023; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666776223000200
  • Glavas A, Büssing A, Baumann K: Inner Peace needs of male psychiatric patients in post-war Croatia are associated with their needs to clarify open issues in their life and their needs for forgiveness. Frontiers in Public Health 2023; 11. https://doi.org/10.3389
  • Büssing A: Spirituellen Bedürfnissen begegnen: Welche Relevanz hat das für Krebspatient*innen? Die Onkologie 2024; 30 (Suppl. 1): S19-S24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-023-01440-8.
  • Büssing A, Dickmann A, Scheer K, Tewes M, Büntzel J, Rentschler J: Erfassung existenzieller und spiritueller Bedürfnisse bei Patient*innen in der Palliativsprechstunde mit dem Spiritual Needs Screener – Befunde und Reaktionen des Palliativteams. Zeitschrift für Palliativmedizin 2024; https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2357-8306
  • Li ZY, Cao X, Li S, Huang TJ, Liu YX, Qin LH. Spiritual needs and influencing factors among people with stroke in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nurs. 2024 Jul 29;23(1):507. doi: 10.1186/s12912-024-02182-7.
  • Büssing A, Kloke M, Gerundt M: Unmet spiritual needs, spiritual wellbeing and support satisfaction of end-of-life patients: Findings from the Spiritual/Existential Care training program (SpECi) for health care practitioners. Journal of Religion and Health 2025; 64: 2275–2296
  • Gbande S, Maree JE, Obiora OL. A nurse-led palliative care programme for women receiving palliative chemotherapy for breast cancer. BMC Palliat Care. 2026;25(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s12904-026-02176-z.
  • Alabi AN, Alabi IEO, Ezemenahi SI, Yusuf RA, Adebusoye L, Nformi K, Oyeleke OG, Alabi VI. Health-related quality of life and associated factors among older adults attending primary care clinics in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Prim Care. 2026 ;27(1):279. doi: 10.1186/s12875-026-03389-0.


Overviews

  • Büssing A, Koenig HG: Spiritual Needs of Patients with Chronic Diseases. Religions 2010; 1: 18-27.
  • Seddigh R, Keshavarz-Akhlaghi AA, Azarnik S: Questionnaires Measuring Patients' Spiritual Needs: A Narrative Literature Review. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2016; 10: e4011. doi: 10.17795/ijpbs-4011.
  • Nissen RD, Falkø E, Toudal DV, Assing-Hvidt E, Büssing A, Søndergaard J, Walin JA, Hvidt NC: The Catalogue of Spiritual Care Instruments: A scoping review. Religions 2020; 11: 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11050252
  • Büssing A (ed.) Spiritual Needs in Research and Practice. The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire as a Global Resource for Health and Social Care. Cham: Pelgrave Mcmillan (2021)